Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essays

Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essays Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essay Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essay As stated by Jung and Ian, it has to be taken into history that all of the rules that will be discussed farther in this paper are of import, but non equal due to their constitutional significance. This paper evaluates the budget system in Macedonia and all of its environing statute law utilizing the 10 rules as chief standards. At the terminal of the paper, recommendations are being drawn out that should assist the Ministry of Finance in the hereafter to beef up some of the rules these rules in footings of the budget system of Macedonia. EVALUTION Authoritativeness Legislature s authorization The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the readying and executing of the Budget. At the same clip the Ministry is responsible for opening Treasury history which is managed by the Treasure and for describing on the executing of the budget and the budgetary users. Presented holla are the processs that are explicating the duties of the Ministry of Finance and the rule of authoritativeness as defined above. The Minister of Finance is responsible for fixing the Budget of Republic of Macedonia and for the bringing of the Budget to the Government of Republic of Macedonia. [ 2 ] The Ministry of Finance is fixing the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy for a period of three old ages in order to suggest the waies and the ends of the financial policy and is finding the sum of the chief classs of the estimated grosss and approved resorts for that period. [ 3 ] The Strategy is being passed by the Government of Republic of Macedonia latest by the 31 of March. [ 4 ] Based on the proposed Medium Term Fiscal Strategy the Ministry of Finance is suggesting the maximal sum of resources for the budgetary users of the cardinal authorities and the financess. [ 5 ] After the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy is adopted the Ministry of Transport is presenting instructions in signifier of Budget handbill to the unit users by the 15th of June and to the city managers of the local authorities by the 30th of September. [ 6 ] In footings of the Budget handbill, Draft plans for plans from the budget users are derived to budget users by the 15th of June. These programs are delivered to the Government by the 15th of July in the current twelvemonth and the Government is O.K.ing the same by the 15th of August. [ 7 ] The sanctioned program for plans together with extra paperss is derived to the Ministry of Finance by the 1st of September in the signifier of Budget application. [ 8 ] In the same footings, the Draft plans from the local authorities are delivered to the Council of the local authorities by the 20th of October and the same is O.K.ing the Draft program by the 15th of November of the current twelvemonth. ( Article 21-b ) . An underling rule that needs to be taken into history in footings of the legislative authorization and the executing of the budget defines the duty for fixing budget executings. [ 9 ] In Republic of Macedonia, the executing of the budgets of the different budget users is carried out harmonizing to the amalgamate fiscal programs and study on quarterly bases that the budget users are subjecting to the Treasury. The Treasury is so apportioning the sanctioned resources harmonizing to the one-fourth of the fiscal programs but transfers the fundss to the budget users on monthly footing. [ 10 ] Parliamentary power in footings of O.K.ing and executing Parliamentary power is another underlying rule of authoritativeness. The Ministry of Finance is presenting the Draft budget, incorporating general, specific and developmental portion [ 11 ] , to the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia ( hereinafter Assembly ) latest by the 1st of November. The Assembly is O.K.ing the Budget latest by the 31st of December. In instances when the Budget has non been approved by the 31st of December of the current twelvemonth by Assembly, the Ministry of Finance approves use of resources for the period till the 31st of March for the undermentioned twelvemonth which should non transcend the sum of the resources used in the first one-fourth of the old twelvemonth. The sum spent in this period is included and decided from the concluding budget when the same 1 has been approved. However, if the budget still has nt been approved by the 31st of March in the current twelvemonth, the Assembly makes a determination for go oning the timely funding. [ 12 ] As mentioned in the old point I ) an implicit in rule of authoritativeness is the coverage on executing. In this portion since we look at the executing from the parliamentary side we besides need to look at the rhythm of coverage of the budget in Macedonia. In these footings, the executing of the Budget is regulated by Law for executing of the budget for the following twelvemonth which is passed after the blessing of the budget from the Assembly but non subsequently than the 31 of December of the current twelvemonth. This jurisprudence specifies the executing of budget that should be based on four chief rules viz. purpose-made, rational, economic and efficient executing. [ 13 ] Furthermore, the Law for accounting on the budgets in Article 28 and Article 29, the Government of Republic of Macedonia should subject its one-year study, after it has been approved by the Government, to the Assembly together with the one-year studies of the all its budgetary users no subsequently than 30th of June in the current twelvemonth for the budget of the old twelvemonth [ 14 ] . Separate one-year study for the budget and the budget users should be submitted to the Registry for Annual Account of the Central Register of Republic of Macedonia and to the State Audit Office by the terminal of February the current twelvemonth for the old twelvemonth. [ 15 ] Budget authorization in the fundamental law The Constitution of Republic of Macedonia provides the basic authorization of the Assembly and the Government in footings of the budget. Within these frames, in Article 91 and 68 defines the function of the Government and the Assembly in footings of the budget, viz. suggesting the budget, and following the democracy s budget and the one-year study. In add-on, the rule of amendment is of high of import as good when we discuses authoritativeness in footings of the Constitution. Jung and Ian in their paper Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? argue that in order to fulfill the democracy regulation of the county, amendment powers should be given to the parliament. [ 16 ] Looking at these amendment powers in Macedonia, it should be stated that the Draft budget can be amendment by each member of the parliament of groups of the Assembly. Copy of each amendment should be given to the members of the parliament before the start of each parliamentary argument. [ 17 ] As mentioned before, the Assembly is O.K.ing the Budget for the following twelvemonth by the terminal of the current twelvemonth, every bit good as the Law for executing of the budget for the following twelvemonth. Annual footing Looking at the one-year footing as a 2nd rule in of this model we are traveling to look at specification on the financial twelvemonth, whether revenue enhancement and other gross imposing governments are lasting or merely for the financial twelvemonth, whether some outgo governments are lasting, carryovers and adoptions from the following twelvemonth s budget. The budget of Republic of Macedonia and the budgets of the municipalities refer to period of one twelvemonth that starts at the 1st of January and ends at the 31st of December. In footings of revenue enhancement, harmonizing to the Law on revenue enhancements for the citizens [ 18 ] , all revenue enhancements are determined harmonizing the footing and the rates that are valid from the 1st of January in the twelvemonth for which these duties are being set. This implied, as stated by Jung and Ian that all revenue enhancement is for 12 months merely. [ 19 ] Outgos are every bit good non lasting as defined by the Legal model in Republic of Macedonia. As mentioned above all budget users need to subject programs for outgo to the Treasury in order to utilize their budgets. Furthermore, the Law on public internal alteration recognizes ex-ante and ex-post fiscal audit in this instance. [ 20 ] Ex-ante regulates the process by which no fiscal duty and outgo can be carried out prior an blessing from a higher degree public retainer. The ex-post regulates refers to a process of look intoing the minutess after they are wholly finished. The fresh sanctioned resources are non valid with the termination of the budget at the terminal of the financial twelvemonth as it is underlined in the Budgets Law. [ 21 ] As it was mentioned before the budget of Republic of Macedonia is divided into general, specific and developmental portion. In instances when approved resorts for plans and sub-programs from the developmental portion of the budget would non be used in the financial twelvemonth, the same are being transferred in the sum of 50 % to the undermentioned twelvemonth as already approved resorts. [ 22 ] Borrowing from the undermentioned twelvemonth s awaited budget is non applicable for the budget of Macedonia, because the system does non utilize Medium Term Expenditure Framework that would supply allotment of beginnings for several old ages. As it was defined above, the budget of Republic of Macedonia refers merely to one financial twelvemonth that starts on the 1st of January and ends on the 31st of December. Universality This rule represents the 2nd rule which importance should be mentioned in the Constitution, as stated by Jung and Ian. [ 23 ] In these footings the Constitution of Macedonia recognizes the levying governments of the local authorities in Macedonia nevertheless it does non acknowledge the outgo governments for the same. Harmonizing to Article 114 from the Constitution the local authorities is financed by ain beginnings of grosss determined by jurisprudence and by beginnings of the Government. [ 24 ] Article 117 of the Construction states the same rights in footings of the financing the unit by ain beginnings of gross for the City of Skopje, which represents specific unit of the local authorities defined by a specific jurisprudence. [ 25 ] However, the Constitution does non stipulate on the authorization for outgo of the local authorities. Jung and Ian in their paper every bit good indicate out to the demand of amalgamate gross fund where all grosss are received and all outgo are paid from. [ 26 ] For the intents of pull offing with the fiscal resorts of the Budget, the Ministry of Finance opens one individual Treasury history in the National Bank of Macedonia. The Budgets Law of Macedonia specifies that sub-accounts are created for the budget users and the unit user. [ 27 ] Harmonizing to Article 40 and 41, all grosss and outgos are recorded in the Main book of the Treasure. Furthermore, these articles province that the Main book of the Treasury and the Treasury history are being consolidated on regular footing, but it does non supply the period of consolidation. Exception to the catholicity rule in Macedonia can be seen in the extrabudgetary financess such as the Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of Macedonia, the Health Insurance Fund of Macedonia, the Fund for National and Regional Roads of the Republic of Macedonia, and the Employment Service Agency of the Republic of Macedonia which as this exclusion underscores should be included in separate Torahs. [ 28 ] Having said this it is of import to province the amalgamate budget of the cardinal Government and the extrabudgetary financess represent amount of the grosss and outgos of the cardinal budget and the budgets of the extrabudgetary financess, non speaking into history the budgets of the units of local self authorities, by ignoring the common transportations and the cardinal budget to the extrabudgetary financess and the transportations between the extrabudgetary financess themselves. However, with the alterations of the Law on accounting for the budgets and budget users from 2005, t he demand for fixing amalgamate budget has been removed. [ 29 ] Integrity The rule of integrity as defined by Jung and Ian that the budget to show all grosss and outgos at the same clip, every bit good as that the micro scheme should associate to the sanctioned outgo and grosss. [ 30 ] In these footings, Article 29 of the Budget Law states that the Draft budget of the Republic of Macedonia contains sketch of the micro indexs, economic policies including the policy for public investings and a sketch of the plans of the Government and the budget users. Specificity Specificity as a rule within this model refers to the inside informations of the budget estimations and to maximum outgos for specific intents of the budget, as presented by Jung and Ian. [ 31 ] . Similarly to the rule of integrity, the specificity can be besides found in the Article 29 of the Budget Law. [ 32 ] Here the jurisprudence refers to the Draft Budget as a papers that besides includes the sketch of the bill of exchange functional categorization, economic categorization and plans of the Government. Other paperss that are contained into the Draft Budget are Draft program for grosss and other grosss and approved outgos for the budget users ; Midterm Fiscal Framework including grosss and expected outgos, inside informations about the capital investings undertaking harmonizing plans, inside informations about the exposed dept at the beginning and the terminal of the twelvemonth every bit good as the new dept and its estimated payment. As mentioned in the first rule, the authoritativeness, the bill of exchange Midterm Fiscal Strategy that the Ministry of Finance is suggesting the maximal sum of resources for the budgetary users of the cardinal authorities and the financess which are subsequently approved by the Government and are added to the compete Draft Budget. [ 33 ] Furthermore, Article 34 from the Budget Law states that outgo can be increased or decreased. In instances when the budget users are necessitating increasing or decreasing of the sanctioned resources, they need to subject petition for alterations in the resorts to the Ministry of Finance. The jurisprudence nevertheless does non stipulate if merely certain plans can bespeak decreasing or increasing and the per centum of this alteration. In footings or the accounting system used for the budget, harmonizing to the International Federation of Accountants, Macedonia presently is the procedure of following the hard currency footing International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( IPSAS ) , will so travel to follow accumulations footing IPSAS [ 34 ] . This information has non been reference in the Budget Law or related Torahs that have been analyses for the intent of this paper. Balance In term of the balance Article 36 of the Budget Law defines the alterations and the amendments of the budgets [ 35 ] . In these footings, the Ministry of Finance in instance when the expected grosss and other grosss of the basic budget are being realized on a higher degree may transport out extra payments of the base and the involvement rate of the dept [ 36 ] . In instances when the Ministry of Finance evaluates the necessary redistribution is needed and that the execution of the grosss and other grosss significantly recede from program, it proposed to the Government alteration and amendment of the budget [ 37 ] . The Assembly based on the proposal of the Government carries out the alterations and the amendments latest by the 1st of September of the current twelvemonth. [ 38 ] During this process the certain sanctioned resources of the budget that are concerned with these alterations are stopped. Furthermore, harmonizing to Article 36-a from the Budget Law in instances when during the financial twelvemonth important budget discrepancy occur the Government upon a recommendation of the Ministry of Finance can halt the executing of some sanctioned resources for a period no longer than 45 yearss and the Assembly is informed. If in a period of 30 yearss conditions for regular executing of the budget are non created, the Government upon a recommendation of the Ministry of Finance is presenting Draft for alterations and amendments to budget to the Assembly. Accountability The rule of answerability when looking the budget system, foremost and foremost is defines on the Article 46 of the Budgets Law. This Article refers to the answerability for purpose-made use of the sanctioned resources. [ 39 ] The article states that the budget user and the unit users are required to the resources intentionally and are non allowed to transport out duties that exceed the sanctioned resorts of the budget [ 40 ] . Furthermore, when we discus accountability we need to look at who is responsible for the executing of the budget. As mentioned earlier in the paper, the budget users and the budget units are execution the budget which confirmed the underlying thought of the Article 46 of the Budgets Law mentioned in the old paragraph. In the frames of the executing, it is from importance to mentioned every bit good that the Ministry of Transport is subjecting mid-year study and concluding study to the Government for the executing of the budget [ 41 ] . It is of import to emphasize that particular portion in the executing and the audit over the executing, have the Ministry of Finance, the Treasury, the State Audit Office and the Internal Audit. In these footings the Law on Public Internal Revision recognizes ex-ante and ex-post fiscal audit [ 42 ] . The ex-ante as it was specified earlier in the paper regulates the process by which no fiscal duty and outgo can be carried out prior an blessing from a higher degree public retainer. The ex-post regulates refers to a process of look intoing the minutess after they are wholly finished. In footings of answerability the Budget Law besides specified deadlines that need to be met in the procedure of readying and the executing of the budget. Deadlines for describing on the same are besides given within the frames of the same jurisprudence. Law for accounting on the budgets in Article 28 and Article 29, the Government of Republic of Macedonia should subject its one-year study, after it has been approved by the Government, to the Assembly together with the one-year studies of the all its budgetary users no subsequently than 30th of June in the current twelvemonth for the budget of the old twelvemonth. The budgets and budgets users harmonizing to the Law for accounting on the budgets [ 43 ] are responsible for subjecting their one-year studies to the Central Register and to the State Audit Office until the terminal of February the current twelvemonth for the old. Transparency The rule of transparence is underlined in the Articles 53 and 54 of the Budgets Law of Macedonia. These articles define that the studies related to the executing of the Budget should be publish on the web site of the Ministry of Finance on monthly footing. In add-on, the Minister of Finance is subjecting the mid-year study on executing to the Government latest by the 31st of July during the current twelvemonth. [ 44 ] Article 54 provinces that the Budget and the Annual study on the budget are being published in the Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia [ 45 ] . Extra regulations that define the rule of transparence are besides defined with the Law on free entree to information of public character. With this jurisprudence the citizens are accomplishing their constitutional right to free entree of information, the freedom to have information and portion information every bit good as the promotion in the work of the information keepers. [ 46 ] Stability The rule of stableness as defined by Jung and Ian refers largely to Medium Term Fiscal Strategy and its planning. Harmonizing to Article 16, the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy is planned for period of three old ages in order to suggest the waies and the ends of the financial policy and is finding the sum of the chief classs of the estimated grosss and approved resorts for that period [ 47 ] , where as Article 5 of the Budgets Law clearly defines that the budget refers to merely one financial twelvemonth that starts on the 1st of January and ends on the 31st of December. [ 48 ] Performance ( efficiency, economic system and effectivity ) The Budgets Law on Macedonia recognizes efficiency, economic system and effectivity as budget ends and chief rules. These rules refer to the process of readying, blessing and execution of the budget every bit good as to the coverage of the executing. In general, as provided by Article 3 from the Budgets Law, economic system implies that all sanctioned resources are used in timely mode, in appropriate sum, taking into history the monetary value and the quality [ 49 ] . Furthermore, the same article defines efficiency as the best ratio between the used resources and the achieved consequences, whereas the effectivity implies accomplishing the consequences and the coveted consequences. [ 50 ] Recommendation Duty for amalgamate balance of the Budget With the Law on alteration and amendment of the accounting of the budgets and budget users in 2005 the demand for outlining amalgamate balance of the budget has been abolished. Originating alteration in the statute law for returning this duty for outlining amalgamate one-year study would emphasize the importance of covering all of the entire grosss and outgos of the Republic, every bit good as the histories receivable and histories collectible. Strengthening the rules on specificity in footings of multi twelvemonth and appropriations of limitless continuance As defined by Jung and Ian some outgos require long term planning. [ 51 ] In these footings, the statute law environing the budgets system in Macedonia should clearly specify the conditions and footings of undertaking which are on multi-year footing which will let these undertakings to be approved every bit good on multi-year footing. Exceptions to gross recording The statute law behind the budget system of Macedonia does non indicate out to projections that are shown on a net footing. This as pointed by Ian and Jung can supply authorities bureaus to maximise gross [ 52 ] and might supply strong inducements to project grosss realistically and guarantee aggregation as projected [ 53 ] . Furthermore, this will besides beef up the transparence and insure stronger responsibly of the disposal in Macedonia. Development of capital budgeting The development of the capital budgeting would indicate to specific attempts and entire coordination of all budget establishments. Overall planning of the capital undertaking represent important of import for timely and successful realisation of these undertakings. Showing the undertakings as separate capital routines together with the kineticss of realisation of the undertakings by old ages and months will supply justification for the undertakings, and as reference will add to timely execution to the activities of these undertakings. The purpose of the Ministry of Finance will be to guarantee that activities environing activities of the capital undertaking would non be postponed and at the same clip will guarantee timely payment of these activities. Bettering the transparence Even thought Macedonia can see betterments in the transparence thought the publication of the appropriate paperss underlined in the statute law in Macedonia on the official web site of the Ministry of Finance, it is of import these publication to be in line with the deadlines given in the Budget jurisprudence. [ 54 ] The Government might see publication every bit good the Sublimate of the budget every bit good the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy and macroeconomic policy. Improvement of the strategic planning Even though there is a clear budget calendar in the Budget Law of Macedonia, this frame frequently is non obliged the budget users. In these footings, the strategic planning demands to be adjusted to the budget procedure in entire. Possible alterations might be made in the accommodations with the strategic planning in a manner that the budget users will present sector precedences which so can be applied to the strategic precedences and will convey easiness to the planning procedure. Limits of the budgetary user s budgets Even thought the Ministry of Finance started puting up bounds and controls these bounds for the budget users, the budget users themselves concentrate on maximising the absolute volumes of the fiscal resources because the deficiency of steps of public presentation. In these footings, the Ministry of Finance might see altering the budget as a whole from line up to public presentation, which might stand for an extra load to the disposal and make extra jobs in the budget system in Macedonia, or might see presenting steps for public presentation that would non alter the budget as a whole but would convey elements of public presentation measuring in order to guarantee more realistic budgets. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 14 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 16 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 18 Ibid. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 19 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 21-a Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 22 Furthermore, the Budget application contents the undermentioned paperss: Filled Circular, Strategic program for budget users, Plan for public procurance, Approved program for plans accompanied by elaborate justifications, Plan on systematic and filled employments of the budget user and other paperss harmonizing the demands and waies given in the Budget curricular. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152 Law on executing of the budget of Republic of Macedonia for 2009 ( Zakon za izvrsuvanje na budgetot za 2009 ) . 2008. Official Gazette 166/08 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 30 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 32 Law on executing of the budget of Republic of Macedonia for 2009 ( Zakon za izvrsuvanje na budgetot za 2009 ) . 2008. Official Gazette 166/08 Law on accounting of budgets and budget users ( Zakon za smetkovodstvo za budgetite I bidgetskite korisnici ) . 2002. Official Gazette 61/02, article 28. Law on accounting of budgets and budget users ( Zakon za smetkovodstvo za budgetite I bidgetskite korisnici ) . 2002. Official Gazette 61/02, article 29 Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Zidas Daskalovski et al. , Guide to budgets ( Skopje: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2006 ) . Law on revenue enhancements of the citizens ( Zakon za danocite na graganite ) . 1992. Official Gazette 79/92, article 4 Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Law on public internal fiscal control ( Zakon za javna vnatresna finansiska kontrola ) . 2009. Official Gazette 90/09. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 7. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 10. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Fundamental law of Republic of Macedonia. Fundamental law of the Republic of Macedonia Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 39 The exclusion of the catholicity principles says that extrabudgetary financess need to be included in the budget system jurisprudence or in separate Torahs. In these footings the four different financess in Macedonia, Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of Macedonia, Health Insurance Fund of Macedonia, Fund for National and Regional Roads of the R

How to Conjugate Se Taire (to Be Quiet) in French

How to Conjugate Se Taire (to Be Quiet) in French Se taire is the French verb that means to be quiet. This is a pronominal verb and an irregular one, so there are a couple of special things you need to know about its conjugations. This lesson will explain what those are and help you learn and memorize the simplest forms of  se taire. Se Taire  Is a Pronominal Verb You may already have noticed that  se taire  is a two-word verb. It is what we call a  pronominal verb, meaning that the action can only be performed by the subject itself. The  se  of  se taire  is a reflexive pronoun and it changes according to the subject pronoun. In English, we would use the words myself, yourself, himself, etc. to indicate this.  For example, you can make yourself be quiet or they can make themselves be quiet. The Basic Conjugations of  Se Taire The fact that  se taire  is a pronominal verb does complicate its conjugations, though that part isnt too difficult. All you have to remember is that the reflexive verb is required and that it must change with the subject pronoun. This means you will use  je me  or  nous nous rather than  je  or  nous  alone as you would in most French verb conjugations. To make things just a little more complicated,  se taire  is also an  irregular verb. It does not follow any of the common patterns were used to. This means you have some extra work to do when memorizing it, but it will come with practice. With all that said, lets begin by studying the indicative verb mood because this is the one youll use most often for se taire. Here you will find the common present, future, and imperfect past tenses to use in everyday conversation. Using the chart, find the subject and reflexive pronouns appropriate to your sentence, then match it up with the proper tense to find the correct conjugation. For example, I am being quiet is  je me tais  and we were quiet is  nous nous taisions. Present Future Imperfect je me tais tairai taisais tu te tais tairas taisais il se tait taira taisait nous nous taisons tairons taisions vous vous taisez tairez taisiez ils se taisent tairont taisaient The Present Participle of  Se Taire The  present participle  of  se taire  is  se taisant. While its most useful as a verb, you may also use it as an adjective or noun in certain circumstances. Se Taire  in the Compound Past Tense Another way to express the past tense is the compound known as the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  in French. This requires the  auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  and the  past participle  tu. Once again, you will also need both the subject and reflexive pronouns. The key to the passà © composà © is to conjugate  Ãƒ ªtre  to the present tense and follow it with the past participle. Since  se taire  can be a bit confusing, well look at all of the possibilities: je me suis tu  - I was quiettu tes tu  - you were quietil sest tu  - he was quietnous nous sommes tus  - we were quietvous vous  Ãƒ ªtes tus  - you all were quietils se sont tus - they were quiet More Simple Conjugations of  Se Taire Among the other simple conjugations youll want to study for se taire are those that question the act of being quiet. If that may or may not happen, use the subjunctive. If that is dependent on something, use the conditional. You should only encounter the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  when reading or writing as these are literary tenses for the French language. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je me taise tairais tus tusse tu te taises tairais tus tusses il se taise tairait tut tt nous nous taisions tairions tmes tussions vous vous taisiez tairiez ttes tussiez ils se taisent tairaient turent tussent The reflexive pronoun is still required when using  se taire  in  the imperative,  though its attached to the end. The subject pronoun is not required, so you can simplify  tu tais-toi  to  tais-toi. Imperative (tu) tais-toi (nous) taisons-nous (vous) taisez-vous

Ethical Challenges realted to Leadership roles in Organizations Essay

Ethical Challenges realted to Leadership roles in Organizations - Essay Example brings confidence that the goods and services the customers have bought have not been made at the expense of workers in the global supply chains enjoying their rights (Bohlman, 1993). A good ethical decision favoring fair pricing would make international trade work better for the whole people in the world, especially the disadvantaged. Such case demands the people in leadership to promote fair pricing because it will address the issue of trade injustices and discrimination against the consumers (Steers, 2010). There is less involvement of the most governments in regulating fair pricing in the markets. It is because most countries have weak law enforcement aimed at protecting customers, hostile environment to trade unions, and few people are members of unions that fight for fair pricing. However, most governments promote fair pricing. It is legal in most countries for retailers to charge high prices because it will pay the workers a wage they can afford to live on. On the contrary, it is unethical to charge these high prices because most consumers find it as bullying (Steers,

Similarities and differences between the USA and Saudi Arabia in Essay

Similarities and differences between the USA and Saudi Arabia in relation to their religion, politics, economic development, and social behaviors - Essay Example The paper tells that in Saudi Arabia, people’s way of life, the economy and politics are guided by the Islamic religion and their old customs. In contrast, the American society is guided by freedom and economic development. United States methods, therefore, differ from the Saudi people’s method. United States is the most religious developed country across the world. It is revealed that religion plays a great role in the life of American people. The history of United States is patent by freedom of religion. Constitution of this country is designed to ensure citizens have the power to establish religious practices. This, therefore, makes United States one of the countries with diverse religion. This is because it is estimated that there are over 100 different religious sects in the America. About 80 percent of them are Christians, while Jews and Muslims hold about 2 percent each. Majority of Americans are, therefore, followers of Christ. On the contrary, Saudi Arabia has Islamic as its official religion. As Muslims, Saudi Arabian people believe in God and prophets. However, they do not believe Jesus Christ was a son of God but rather a messenger. In addition, they believe Muhammad was also a messenger of God. The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is, therefore, referred as an Islamic theocratic dominion. The law in this country only allows Muslims to be the real citizens of this kingdom. However, non-Muslims are only allowed to visit and work in the kingdom but cannot acquire citizenship. Moreover, Muslims are the only ones permitted to visit holiest cities in the country. One of the holiest cities is Mecca, which houses Ka ‘aba, a pilgrim shrine that was built by Moses following an order from God. United States government and politics is a clear example of democracy. This is because they are allowed to choose their representatives in their relevant States during elections. States representatives then select the best candidate to contend for the preside ncy. United States’ citizen vote for their president through the electoral process called Electoral College system. In this case, every State has electors equal to the number of members in the House of Representatives. Additionally, two senators representing each State are also included in the Electoral College system. During the elections, United States’ citizens cast votes to electors who obligate to offer support presidential candidate desired by members of their State. Whenever a president is elected, he or she is supposed to run the office for a period less than two terms comprising four years each. President in United States is the head of government and State. In addition, he is the commander in chief of all the armed forces. The structure of government in United States is categorized in three levels, which include Local, State, and Federal governments. Federal government in United States is in charge of the entire nation and has three branches, which include th e legislative, executive and legislature. In addition, the government of United States conducts its affairs in accordance to the constitution of the country. This constitution outlines freedom of citizens, function of the three arms of government and democratic rule. On the contrary, Saudi Arabian government is monarch in nature with the head of state being referred as the king. Whenever the king demises, he is succeeded by his eldest son in the event. However, the king can also choose a heir to succeed him or her in the leadership of the country.

Place Before And After Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Place Before And After - Essay Example The kids in the neighborhood just loved to play sports in the park, families go on fishing, mothers do their groceries and the rest of the town dwellers just walk the streets for some fresh air even in the night as it was safe and well crowded. This was the best place for me, and I intended to pass it on to my future family the things, events and the values I loved which my father shared with me. However, these perceptions of mine in the said town did not seem to last as I saw a different place 15 years after. The change of the said town motivated me to discover the reasons as to why this paradise town and an ideal place to be in before, suddenly turned into a place where nobody would prefer to be in now. The town's safety, people, perceptions, and environment took its downturn from the time I enjoyed it 15 years ago. The ideal place for safety, celebrations, cleanliness, family values, hospitality, and peace now turned into a meeting place and fighting arena of gangsters and alike. The once clean and safe streets now turned into a drastic place of murderous acts, piles of garbage with beer and bottle cans scattered everywhere. The once happy and peaceful park is now known to be a graveyard of murdered gang members and even old folks of the said town, which were killed out stolen valuables. The celebrations such as holidays and Thanksgiving have once celebrated freely anywhere in the town, but now it is advised and preferred for residents to stay in their homes when celebrating these events.

The Reality Of Platonic Relationships Sociology Essay

The Reality Of Platonic Relationships Sociology Essay Romantic relationships are characterized by feelings of passion, emotional reactions and physical attraction; and platonic relationships are characterized by the absence of physical attraction, passion or sex (Sippola, 1999). These two characterizations are very important for the scope of this paper because both are crucial to answer the question, Can men and women really be just friends? In the magazine Psychology Today, Clifford Lazarus wrote an article with an explanation to this question. Lazarus contends, for the most part, purely platonic relationships for heterosexual men and women are a myth (Lazarus, 2010). To support his contention, he refers to the reflexive nature of men and the reflective nature of women. Lazarus refers to a sexual desirability reflex, which men demonstrate towards women in prime reproductive age. This reflex suggests the immediate thoughts of males when first encountering females are whether or not he would like to have sex with her (Lazarus, 2010). Although, it is argued that females may exhibit the same thoughts, although not as frequently as with males, they tend to quickly move past this reflex. On the other hand, women generally want to determine the suitability of a potential partner. This suitability is referred to as a desire to look for potential long term, socioeconomic stability with a partner (Canary Dindia, 1998). Women therefore, tend to be more sexually reflective and choosier than males, while males tend to be more sexually reflexive than women. These reflexive and reflective drives can be linked to evolutionary theories. Males have an indefinite amount of sperm while females only have a predetermined amount of eggs for her life span (Lazarus, 2010). This suggests an explanation of why males may exhibit the above mentioned reflex more than females, and why females exhibit a determinable reflective drive. This article therefore concludes that purely platonic relationships in cross-sex friendships do not exist. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the conclusion of the Psychology Today article with scholarly research to determine if purely platonic cross-sex friendships can exist between heterosexual men and women. It is important to indicate that the articles conclusion assumes that a purely platonic relationship exists when both people in the relationship have never considered having a romantic relationship with each other. Through sexually charged flirtatious behavior and evolutionary theories, the first part of this paper will provide support for the articles conclusion that purely platonic cross-sex friendships are not possible. However, the second part of this paper will present evidence denouncing the preceding hypothesis by means of costs, romantic intentions and reasons to stay platonic. Flirtatious Behavior Both romantic and platonic relationships report flirtatious activity although frequencies in flirtatious behavior may differ (Egland, Spitzberg, Zormeier, 1996). Some examples of flirtatious behaviors include looking your friend or partner up and down, gazing in their eyes and smiling suggestively. When comparing results of the platonic cross-sex relationships to the romantic cross-sex relationships, platonic relationships engaged in flirtatious activity nearly as much as romantic relationships (Egland, et al., 1996). This finding bolsters the view that even in platonic relationships, flirtatious behavior is expressed. Furthermore, flirtatious behavior may be sexually charged. According to Henningsen, Braz, and Davies (2008), people engage in flirtatious behavior for six main reasons. First is sexual motivation, referring to ones desires to engage in sexual acts. Second, an individual may be relationally motivated, with the intention of moving from a platonic relationship to a romantic relationship. Third is fun motivation, referring to flirting to gain sexual excitement or thrill. Fourth is exploring motivation, referring to flirtatious behavior of platonic relationships to explore and see if positive feedback comes from the other person. Fifth is esteem motivation, which remarks on how gaining positive feedback from flirting may boost self esteem or arousal. And finally people flirt for instrumental motivation, which is flirting for possible access to rewards. Flirting is the primary apparatus to signal sexual and romantic accessibility (Guererro Chavez, 2005). All of the reasons people may flirt are charged with motives other than being platonic. Flirtation can be described as a subcategory of social-sexual communication (Henningsen, et al., 2008, p. 2). These social-sexual communications carry the connotation of being sexually charged, suggesting one person may have had sexual or romantic thoughts at one point in time in the relationship. This suggests that flirting is associated with sexual desire, or reasons other than what constitutes a platonic friendship (Henningsen, Braz, Davies, 2008). Flirtatious behavior is often intended to be interpreted in a way that carries sexual motive (Henningsen, et al., 2008). This implies that those in platonic relationships have an intended purpose or conscious motive to engage in it. For instance, platonic relationships that do not want to turn romantic voluntarily do not engage in flirtatious behavior (Guerrero Mongeau, 2008). This suggests that platonic relationships may be conscious of flirting, thus indicating that people engage in flirting through a particular motivation; in these instances a sexually charged motivation. Since platonic relationships do engage in flirtatious behavior with one another, there is reason to believe that the flirtatious behavior is sexually charged Furthermore, men may interpret expressed behavior from women differently than from what women intend. If women are not voluntarily trying to give flirtatious signals or signs of flirtatious behavior, men are much more readily apparent to interpret non-flirtatious signals as flirtatious (Canary Dindia, 1998). Therefore, even in an apparently platonic friendship, men may be misinterpreting these non-flirtatious signals as flirtatious, and therefore sexual as well, even if there is no intension to communicate flirtatious behavior. This implies even in some apparently platonic relationships, certain behaviors may signal signs of sexual desire unintentionally. CHECK THESE PRECEDING 3 PARAGRAPHS Evolutionary Views According to evolutionary theories, flirtatious behavior is contingent upon a desire to procreate (Canary Dindia, 1998). As mentioned in the article, men have a type of reflexive drive and women have a type of reflective drive (Lazarus, 2010). From an evolutionary stance, a look into interactions between men and women will reinforce these reflexive and reflective drives. Reflective and Reflexive Behavior Women are more likely to choose a partner or mate who exhibits status and resources, therefore being more reflective than males (Lazarus, 2010). Women are generally more interested in men with high resource potential (Canary Dindia, 1998). This indicates why women focus on a long term stable relationship; one which is able to support their offspring. On the other hand, men are much more likely to approach women who display more signs of flirtatious behavior (Canary Dindia, 1998). This indicates mens reflexive drive, indicating sexual thoughts or interest upon initial encounters (Lazarus, 2010). Interests of men and women vary depending on age group. Males prefer younger women, while women prefer older males as age ascends. Women tend to be more fertile when they are younger, while men tend to be more economically sufficient and successful as they grow older (Alterovitz Mendelsohn, 2009). This suggests men being more concerned with the fertility of women by preferring younger mates, while women reported being more concerned with male socioeconomic status, indicated by selecting older men (Alterovitz Mendelsohn, 2009). Parental Investment Theory Additionally, the female perception of older males having the resources to provide for their offspring and males having the impression to mate with a fertile female is consistent with the evolutionary theory of parental investments. Under parental investment theory, the investments of men and women differ. For example, a women needs to carry the offspring. On the other hand, men could technically end their investment of the offspring immediately after conception. As referenced by Tafoya (2006), womens potential for reproduction after conception is inhibited, while on the other hand men as quoted by Lazarus (2010), have their sperm constantly replenished. Furthermore, because of the paternity uncertainty hypothesis, a man can never know with absolute certainty that a child is his. On the contrary, even though the mother may not know who the father of her child is, this hypothesis holds that she will know for certain that she will pass her genes on to her offspring (Tafoya, 2006). Considering this hypothesis and the theory of parental investments, the reflexive nature of men and reflective nature of women are explained. A males reflexive drive can be explained since males never know if the child is theirs with absolute certainty and their investment need not go beyond conception (Tafoya, 2006). Therefore, males seem to exhibit lesser commitment, reinforcing their reflexive tendencies. Additionally, men are more likely to accept a short term mate of any overall quality than women. For instance, it is more probable that men rather than women select a short term mate whose overall qualities such as wealth, status and attractiveness are lacking. Men are also more likely than women to have a one night stand or participate in an affair (Li Kenrick, 2006). On the other hand, women know their genes will be passed on and are making more of a sacrifice from an evolutionary standpoint by the cessation of their potential reproduction. This indicates that females may be more selective about their mates as indicated in the article by reflective drives. Furthermore, women prefer resources and status when looking for a short term mate more than males. In fact, women prefer the same qualities in their short term mates as they do in their long term mates (Li Kenrick, 2006). This implies women exemplify this reflective drive in support of a potential parental investor, that being the potential mate. It is shown that mating as well as parenting is essential to success of offspring, which helps to explain the characteristics of these reflexive and reflective drives (Tafoya, 2006). However, evolutionary views not limited to parental investment theory. Friends with Benefits and Biosocial Theory Evolutionary theories are evident in friends with benefits relationships. Friends with benefits refer to non-romantic or platonic relationships who engage in sexual activities (McGinty, Knox, Zusman, 2007). Friends with benefits is not just a trend, but also is commonly engaged in. Nearly 60% of undergraduates reported having had an experience with a friends with benefits relationship (McGinty et al., 2007). This reinforces the instinctive sexual activity and sexual behavior with the opposite sex. Biosocial theory of evolution may inquire more deeply as to why friends with benefits occurs. Biosocial Theory predicts human behavior by looking to a persons genetic predisposition and their environment. Women show to be more emotionally involved in a friend with benefits relationship than men. Because women emphasize emotional attachment, it is argued that women do so in order to have a stable relationship (McGinty et al., 2007). In having a stable relationship, women need to rear their offspring, thus suggesting why women are more emotionally concerned with friends with benefits relationships than men. On the other hand, men are more sexually focused with the relationship. At times, men are shown to be involved in multiple friends with benefits relationships, thus strengthening the point that men exhibit a reflexive drive (McGinty et al., 2007). Furthermore, Schneider Kenny (2000) surveyed how rewarding and costly people see an opposite-sex platonic friendship. Sexual access was reported as a potential benefit of being in a cross-sex friendship, as well as a reported cost. For example, men may be friends with women as a means to gain sexual access, however, men report having less sexual access than women. This suggests men are more concerned with sexual access than women (Bleske Buss, 2000). This reinforces the idea of the reflexive nature of men. However, women are reported to be benefited when protected by an opposite sex friend. Though this is not shown to what extent this suggests a positive cue for women as mate potential, it has been suggested in a comparative study that males who protect their friends actually gain more sexual access. This was evident in a study of baboons, where the males protect the feeding grounds, and in return the female gives them periodic sexual access; therefore suggesting mens evolutionary drive for protecting women (Bleske Buss, 2000). Flirtatious behavior and evolutionary views support the reflexive and reflective tendencies of males and females, respectively. This suggests that men and women in platonic cross-sex friendships engage in sexually charged behavior. The preceding information also supports, as the article contends, that platonic relationships may not be feasible simply because of evolutionary drives (Lazarus, 2010). Although these findings reinforce the idea that purely platonic relationships do not exist, there is information to believe otherwise. The following research in categories of similar costs, romantic intent, and reasons to stay platonic indicate evidence against the preceding research, contending there may be reasons platonic relationships can exist without having intent for or a transition to romantic relationships. Similar Costs and Status Males and Females do not differ in how costly it is to be denied sex from the person in the friendship; the potential for rejection is perceived as low in cost for both sexes (Bleske Buss, 2000). This suggests that men and women may be able to be friends without worrying about sexual access. However, this information does support males and/or females think about sex. Since the potential cost for rejection was low, this implies the male and females evaluated each other before making the decision to become romantic (Bleske Buss, 2000). Therefore, this seems to be more closely related to the conclusion in the article, and more supportive of reflexive and reflective behavior than not. Even so, the status of the relationship may have an effect on the friendship. Although, ex-romantic partners report wanting a platonic relationship to turn romantic once again, a friend who has always been platonic would not want the relationship to turn romantic (Schneider Kenny, 2000). This indicates that how a relationship is initiated may have an actual impact on the relationship. Platonic friendships therefore, may exist depending on past experiences with the individual. This undermines the contention that platonic cross-sex friendships can never be platonic, since past experience can have an impact. Romantic Intent Romantic intent was not classified in the above article Why Men and Women Cant be Just Friends. Romantic intent can vary and impact relationships differently. In the strictly platonic relationships, cross-sex friends reported less contact, flirtation and activity compared to romantic relationships. Arguably, strictly platonic friendships do not flirt, touch and spend as much time with one another relative to mutually romantic relationships, possibly because doing so may jeopardize the friendship (Guererro Chavez, 2005). Furthermore, long term strictly platonic friendships can move past initial romantic intent. Friendships in the long term are shown to use maintenance behaviors such as less contact and flirtation as a means to not potentially ruin the platonic friendship (Guererro Chavez, 2005). These finding suggests strictly platonic and mutually romantic relationships do vary with romantic intent, and thus may not perceive one another as anything more than platonic friends. Reasons to Remain Platonic There are six motives as to why relationships should remain platonic. To safeguard the relationship, lack of or no attraction, network disapproval, third party, risk aversion and timeout. This order with safeguarding the relationship being most important implies that there is an intrinsic reason for relationships to remain purely platonic. The rewarding nature of the relationship may be seen as more rewarding than a relationship moving towards one that is romantic or sexual. For instance, a reward in a platonic relationship is the ability to share emotion and/ or gain support about external situations; the ability to disclose in the relationship. On the other hand, less rewarding factors may direct people to remain platonic as well. For example, one may feel that the friend in the relationship is not attractive, or one may not want to expose oneself to possible emotional instability (Messman, Canary, Hause, 2000). Thus, research suggests cross-sex platonic relationships may have str ong reasons for existing. Furthermore, all platonic friendships may not be sexually charged. The sexual challenge in cross-sex friendships, which refers to men and women being hardwired to be sexually attracted to one another, is said to only occur in a minority of cross-sex friendships. Furthermore, the sexual challenge may be linked to attraction of the spirit, rather than of the body. Thus, reinforcing that sexual challenges may not be accurately represented when referring to the sexual desire of men and women (Messman et al., 2000). Conclusion Flirtatious behavior and evolutionary theories strongly support the idea that there cannot be purely platonic relationships as indicated in the article. However, alternative research suggests platonic friendships may be possible; similar costs, subjective romantic intent, and reasons to remain reasons to remain platonic are evidence that friendships have some incentive to remain purely platonic. Although there is support for both sides, the underlying question is whether men and women together can have purely platonic friendships. Flirtatious behaviors as well as the evolutionary theories of biosocial and parental investment demonstrate that cross-sex platonic friendships are challenging. The majority of the information in the Why Men and Women Cant be Just Friends article does give credence to the majority of these findings. Although in light of these findings, the article seems to be narrow in its evaluation. The main point of the article contends that platonic relationships do not exist because of evolutionary reasoning based on reflexive and reflective drives (Lazarus, 2010). On the other hand, the article does not account for romantic intent, a significant part of relationships. The article assumes based on the first meeting of men and women that there are uncontrollable biological reactions which occur. Although these reactions tend to happen, the article should still account for the past and present status of the relationship, as well as each persons intent to whether or not they want a platonic or romantic friendship. Since the article fails to account for this romantic intent of a males and females, it therefore neglects the possibility of differences in perception; that is, how people view each other based on their past experience with that person (Messman et al., 2000). Moreover, long term platonic friendships vary in their romantic intent depending if maintenance behaviors are used. For instance, in a relationship that has always been platonic, both persons will use more maintenance behaviors to preserve their platonic friendship, in order to safeguard the friendship from moving towards romanticism. However, maintenance behaviors are also shown not to be useful. For instance, one of the people in the relationship may be denied a desired sexual progression (Guererro Chavez, 2005). Although there can be changes made to the article, the underlying argument is supported by the majority of research. Assuming a purely platonic relationship to be a cross-sex friendship where neither party has the thought of addressing a romantic relationship, or having desire for sexual activities; the existence of purely platonic relationships is slim. Platonic relationships engaging in flirtatious behavior carry a sexual connotation (Egland, et al., 1996). This implies that males and females even in platonic relationships may exhibit these reflexive and reflective drives. Furthermore, the differing parental investments for males and females bolster the sentiment regarding reflexive and reflective drives; this concerns why males invest less in their relationships while females invest more in their relationships (Li Kenrick, 2006; Tafoya, 2006). Additionally, the biosocial theory suggests evolutionary underpinnings consistent with reflexive and reflective behavior; these include se xual behavior in friends with benefits relationships and behaviors of rewards and costs. Therefore, the article and the preceding findings suggest that the existences of purely platonic cross-sex heterosexual relationships are unlikely.

Huck Finn Essays -- essays papers

Huck Finn I recently read the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This story deals Mainly with a lost boy escaping his harsh existence, and a slave trying to reach freedom. During the course of this book, the slave Jim, and the Boy Huck Bond with each other. I enjoyed this book immensely for a couple different reasons. While I liked the story, and the plot kept me interested, the real reason I found myself enjoying this book so much, was Mark Twain’s use of the underlying theme of racism. In this story, I found myself admiring Huck’s innocent approach to slavery, and the treatment of slaves. Is Huck Finn a racist? Now this is a tough question. I would be tempted to say no. He always treats his run away slave-partner Jim equally. Never in this book once did he treat a black any different then he would have treated any white in the same situation. Whether or not Huck was intending to be racist, the fact still remains that he did not think of blacks as equal. In the time period Huck Finn was written white children grew up with the mentality that they were a higher social class then the blacks. . I think Huck was subconsciously racist, but too innocent to understand it’s meaning, or even come to a conclusion about whether slavery was right or wrong. All his life Huck had lived in an environment in which slavery and racism were perfectly normal. To him questioning the morality of slavery would be like us questioning whether it’s morally right to keep house pets. Huck acquired his racism from his parental figures. When Huck was living with the widow, she had slaves around. Huck became used to slaves tending to his needs. For a short period in the book, Huck went to live with his dad. His dad frequentl... ...s the Phelps. Huck was a racist throughout the book, but as he would say, he don’t mean nothn by it. I think Huck’s racism in this book was a pretty evident underlying theme. Throughout the book, Mark Twain portrayed Huck as a racist, yet kind to blacks. Huck’s innocence in this book allowed him to be kind to blacks and yet still look at whites in a superior way. Even at the end of the book when Huck decided that he was going to do what he thought was the wrong thing and free Jim, he never came to the conclusion that slavery and racism might be wrong, and he might be on the right track. Twain’s use of racism in a child as an underlying theme intrigued me. I believe in order to get a full idea of what I am talking about, you should read this book. I would highly recommend Huckleberry Finn to any college student looking for a good story with a lot of depth.