Relationship of Digit Ratio With Cardiovascular Endurance

Relationship of Digit Ratio With Cardiovascular Endurance This first chapter represents a review of the conducted study. In this chapter, there are several subtopics that have been reviewed. The following topics provide the descriptions regarding to background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, hypotheses involved, conceptual framework, significance of the study, and definition of terms that been used in this study. Lastly, the structure of this study is outlined in the last part of the chapter. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Application of digit ratio which is known to be related to prenatal testosterone hormone had been used widely across the world and its submission in the area of sports, health and fitness had attracted a swarming interest among practitioner and generated many interesting findings. However, in the midst of discovering the application of digit ratio which mainly focused on adults, interest towards the children is still lacking which bring towards the establishment of this study. Digit ratio have stirred considerable amount of research in relation with various traits of putatively linked to sex hormone (Putz, Gaulin, Sporter, McBurney., 2004). Known as the ratio between the second digit, which is the index finger and the fourth digit, the ring finger had shown diversified results with several researcher reported significant correlations between digit ratio and such diverse traits as fertility, sexual attitudes and orientation, status, cognitive abilities, health and athletic prowess (Manning, Churchill Peters, 2007; Coates, Gurnell Rustichini, 2009; Manning, 2002a; Manning et.al., 2007; Williams et.al., 2000). The association between pattern formation and numbers of prenatal testosterone and estrogen may lie in the actions Homeobox or Hox genes in vertebrates, including humans, the Hox gene family is vital for the differentiation of both the urinogenital system (including the testes and ovaries) and the digit (Herault, Fradeau, Zakany Ulnaless., 1997). The sexual dimorphism is determined as early as the 14th week of fetal life, and remains unchanged at puberty. In children, digit ratio has been reported to be associated with measures of fetal growth, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, developmental psychopathology, autism and Asperger’s syndrome (Manning, 2004). Hence, if digit ratio is associated to prenatal testosterone and oestrogen then the differences such as finger ratio should also be determined in utero. Thus indicate that children should reflect differentiation of digit ratio which is fundamentally the same as in adults. Preceding information of major health problems and their threat factors towards children, abundant field based fitness test batteries have been developed to assess fitness in this population. In conjunction with the issues, major reviews covering the matter involved in obtaining accurate and reliable measurements have been published and this include the application of relative length of 2nd (index finger) and 4th (ring finger) as a predictive intervention to be used in diagnosis, prognosis, and in early life-style interventions which may delay onset of disease or facilitate its early detection (Manning Bundred., 2000) Precise measurement of children’s activity is thought-provoking, as the application is characteristically irregular and recurrent; consist of regular, short sessions. However, health related fitness is notoriously difficult to measure and these difficulties are particularly exacerbated when assessing activity in children. Numerous methods exist for the measurement of health related fitness. Selection of a measurement method depends on the purpose of the evaluation, the nature of the study population, and the resources available. The various components of health related fitness can be assessed accurately in the laboratory and, in many cases, in the field by using a composite of performance tests. Valid and reliable assessment measures are critical for identifying relevant trends in the activity patterns of young people and for determining the impact of intervention programs and curriculum implementation. Measures of health related components have been used for many years with children; however, these measures may not accurately reflect levels of their health. Prenatal testosterone has been shown to stimulate anabolic process in skeletal muscle and appears to be principal hormone responsible for the development of strength. Testosterone level increases during early stage of puberty to rapid increase in mid-late puberty in boys whereas high level of oestrogen causes inhibition of muscle growth as a result of skeletal maturation (Manning, Trivers, Thornhill Singh., 2000). Muscular strength improvement among children are negatively associated with changes in overall adiposity (Ruiz et.al., 2009). Clinical and invasive muscle strength measurement of different muscle group is time consuming and a quick and simple measurement might provide a good indication of general muscle strength. Therefore, in this study the implementation of digit ratio is predicted could be used as measuring tools for muscle strength as it had been found to be correlate with prenatal testosterone which is found to be significant with strength among adult male (Fink et.al ., 2006). Furthermore, prenatal testosterone exposure is believed to have an impact on the fetal cardiovascular system with higher levels of testosterone possibly assisting in the development of more efficient running economy (Manning et. al., 2007). There is a strong evidence signifying that cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence is a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as abnormal blood lipids, high blood pressure and overall and central adiposity later in life (Ruiz et.al.,2009). Adverse CVD (Cardiovascular Disease) risk factors during childhood also seem to track into adulthood (Andersen et.al, 2004) with evidence indicating that the main cause of CVD has their origin in childhood and adolescence (Mc.Gill et.al, 2000; Strong et.al., 1992). Therefore application of digit ratio measurement will be used in this study as a predictor to assess cardiovascular endurance among school. Rapid advancement in socioeconomics situation in many countries in Asia, including Malaysia, has resulted in significant changes in the lifestyle of communities which also affect children in this country. Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes among both children and adults (Freedman et. al., 2001) and overweight status tends to track from childhood into adulthood (Must et.al., 1992). Due to the treatment of obesity is unsuccessful frequently; primary prevention of obesity has become an important public health priority. Many experts have recommended that public health initiatives to prevent obesity should begin with our youngest children. Therefore, digit ratio which is closely related to prenatal testosterone hormone is predicted in this study to have direct relationship towards body composition physical level among school children. 1.3 CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE In studies investigating the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the major component of physical fitness that has been related to cardiovascular health or risk has been cardiorespiratory fitness or capacity (also referred to as cardiovascular, aerobic, or endurance fitness or capacity). Although other components of physical fitness, such as muscle strength or endurance, may relate to some aspects of cardiovascular health, few data document these relations. One of the major reasons for measuring cardiovascular fitness in studies of the relation between physical activity and health is that habitual physical activity status is one of the major determinants of cardiovascular fitness. Other determinants include age, sex, heredity, medical status, and selected health-related behaviours (Malina Bouchard, 1989). Thus, tests of cardiovascular fitness can be used as objective, surrogate measures of physical activity status with the understanding that factors other than activity influence the results. The magnitude of the effects of these other factors is generally reduced when changes in fitness are measured to verify changes in activity status. 1.4 MUSCULAR STRENGTH Muscle strength can be measured during performance of either static or dynamic muscle contraction (Wilmore, 1989). Like muscle endurance, strength is specific to the muscle group, and therefore the testing of one muscle group does not provide accurate information about the strength of other muscle groups (Clarke, 1973). Thus, to be effective, strength testing must involve at least several major muscle groups, including the upper body, trunk, and lower body. Standard tests have included the bench press, leg extension, and biceps curl with free weights. The heaviest weight a person can lift one time through the full range of motion is considered the person’s maximum strength. 1.5 BODY COMPOSITION Obesity in children and adolescents is both predominant and increasing in developed and developing countries and is therefore deemed a major international public health issue. Moreover, obesity tracks from adolescent to adulthood with obese adolescents at increased risks of morbidity and mortality in adulthood, irrespective of adult weight status. Obesity caused by chronic energy imbalance resulting in the storing of excess energy adipose tissue. Measuring physical activity following obesity treatment is important to elucidate how treatment has impacted on behaviour that influences energy balance. 1.6PROBLEM STATEMENT During the last decades, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the fitness of children and adolescents. As a result, numerous field based test batteries have been developed to assess fitness in this population. Field test provide reasonable alternative since they are time-efficient, low in cost and equipment requirement can be easily administered to a large number of people simultaneously. However, in order for the assessment to be considered, it should measure what it is supposed to measure. Therefore, digit ratio which is found to be negatively correlating with prenatal testosterone levels in humans could be established as a valid predictor to assess health related fitness and physical activity level will be discovered in this study. Many reported relationships of digit ratio are restricted to adult population. Small amount of research relating digit ratio with children had restricted the application of this method to act as an alternative field test. Biologic development of school age children occurs intensely, unevenly and differently among individuals. Greater sensitivity to detect biological sources of variation in children ability to exert maximum muscular effort (muscular strength) and the ability of heart to deliver oxygen to working muscle and sustain for long period of time (cardiovascular endurance) is believe could be predicted by digit ratio (prenatal testosterone hormone). If digit ratio in adults correlates with prenatal testosterone, it is expected to be presented in young children as the digit ratio among individuals should not change with growth and digit ratio should show little absolute change with growth in children (Manning et. al., 1998). PURPOSE OF STUDY The purposes of this study were threefold. First was to identify the relationship of digit ratio with cardiovascular endurance among school children. A secondary purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of digit ratio with muscular endurance among school children among school children. Lastly, the purpose of study was to provide current scientific evidence based data related with digit ratio in relation with body composition among school children that could be implemented as a new measurement intervention on measuring cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and body composition among school children. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition are predicted through digit ratio are the main objectives of this study. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: To determine the relationship between digit ratio and muscular strength among public school children in Selangor. To measure the relationship between digit ratio and cardiovascular endurance among public school children in Selangor. To determine the relationship between digit ratio and body composition among public school children in Selangor. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Based on the issues regarding muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition with digit ratio measurement that need to be addressed, the following hypotheses were formed to identify the outcome of this study. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the hypotheses are: Ho1 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio and muscular strength among public school children in Selangor. Ho2 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio and cardiovascular endurance among public school children in Selangor. Ho3 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio measurement and body composition among public school children in Selangor. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The outcome of this study is hope could act as an alternative approach on predicting muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among children through implementation of simple, quick and reliable digit ratio measurement. Besides that, this study also hopes could be part of a measurement application for talent identification consideration among children especially school children. Lastly, the significance of this study is hope to provide additional information with relationship of biological marker to identify muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among children as current biological testing to identify biological condition among children require laboratory testing only. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scope of this study is to provide new alternative and reliable method in predicting muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among school children in Selangor. This however will limit to only selected physical fitness test and not applicable for comparison with other physical test. Number of subjects will be used in this study is based on current student intake throughout public school in Selangor with consideration of age. Therefore, from 645 primary school in Selangor, a different amount of subject from different numbers of school may render different outcome. DEFINITION OF TERM Digit Ratio In this study, digit ratio is a relative length between the second finger (index finger) and the fourth finger (ring finger). It is sexually dimorphic with male having a lower mean compared to female and shown to be positively correlated with oestrogen and negatively correlated with prenatal testosterone. Cardiovascular Endurance A health-related component of physical endurance fitness that relates to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel during sustained physical activity and to eliminate fatigue products after supplying fuel which in this study indicate through bleep test. Muscular Strength Muscular strength is another health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the amount of external force that a muscle can exert. It is important as every human body movement require certain amount of strength in order to execute certain activities. This will be determine in this study through handgrip strength test. Body Composition Body composition refers to the combination of lean tissue and fat tissue in the body. In this study, body composition among school children will be determine through several measurement method which were the two sites skinfold measurement and body mass index in order to identify which method could be a valid predictor of body composition. Physical Activity Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle. Physical activity can be categorized by several variables including type and intensity. In this study, every school children physical activity level will be predicted through series of fitness testing as well as digit ratio measurement in order to determine current health related component level of school children especially in Selangor. Obesity Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Fundamental cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns are often the results of health and fitness implication among children which is also mainly the reasons why this research is conducted. Body Mass Index (BMI) Body mass index is a simplify calculation of weight-for-height that is usually used to classify overweight and obesity in adult and children. A BMI greater than or equal to 25 is oversight while BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obesity.

Ireland :: essays research papers

Ireland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ireland is a country in Europe with a coast on the Atlantic Ocean. It is called the Emerald Isle because of its green color. Its people derived mainly from Great Britain. Most of the population is Roman Catholic. The Climate is much like ours.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The republic of Ireland covers 83% of its stand with the other 17% containing the country of Northern Ireland. There are twenty-six counties in the Republic with the over-all capitol of Dublin. The six northeastern counties form the county of Northern Ireland which is actually connected to the republic. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, where as the republic is not. The whole Island was under British rule before 1922. The island containing the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, is separated by the original ruling country of Great Britain by way of the Irish Sea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ireland is actually a detached fragment from the European Mainland. Most of the country is 500 ft. above sea level. The surface of the country is covered by glacial drift from the Pleistocene ice age. This period left eskers, or long gavel ridges, and drumlins or small hills that were left behind by the glaciers. You can find the start of this belt in the west of the country by Clew Bay. It continues across the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the south of Ireland, there is a series of parallel ridges of Devonian sandstone. The ridges rise in elevation westward and lead up to Carrantuohill, the largest mountain in the country. The famous lakes of Killarney are located at that point. The lakes are famous for their scenic beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the southeast of Ireland, granites from the Devonian age makeup the uplands which travel 80 mi. in a northeasterly direction towards the counties of Wexford and Wicklow, reaching the south shore of Dublin Bay. These uplands are glacier modified valleys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of the soil in Ireland have been formed of Glacial Drift. Limestone, as around here, is the most common bedrock in Ireland, Making it even more like our area. Gleyed soils are commonly found where there is poor drainage, such as in the north-central lowland. Because of past wetness and acidity, peat has accumulated to form bogs that now cover thousands of acres in the midlands. These bogs are useless for agricultural purposes, but very useful in the source of peat fuel. Peat covers much of the higher hills and supports much vegetation making it actually an indirect importance to agriculture. It also makes good grazing for sheep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climate of all of Ireland stays mainly as a cool maritime climate. July has average temperatures ranging from 61 degrees in the south, to 57

“The Invisible Leash”: The Patty Hearst Case and the Crazy Things Victims Do

In April 1974, roughly two months after they kidnapped Patty Hearst, the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) released a photo of Hearst as evidence that she was no longer a kidnap victim but a willing member of their group. In the photo, Hearst is pictured alone (no other members of the Symbionese Liberation Army are evident). She stands off centered in the photo (to the left) in front of the Symbionese Liberation Army’s symbol, a seven-headed cobra (â€Å"Symbionese Liberation Army†). Her stance is aggressive: her legs are apart as if she is braced and ready to shoot; her gun is pointed (not at the viewer, but off to the viewer’s right); and her finger is on the trigger. The gun itself is a serious weapon, a carbine. And Hearst’s attire is militaristic and revolutionary: she wears pants, tight, military-type clothing, and a beret of the same sort worn by revolutionary Che Guevera, in the famous photo of him snapped by Alberta Korda (â€Å"Che Guevara†). Moreover, the background color in the photo of Hearst is red, a color that suggests violence and aggression. In the lower right corner of the photo, another machine gun rests against the wall, only the upper portion of the gun is visible (its barrel), and it’s pointing upward, toward the top of the photo. While this photo is meant to depict Hearst as a willing member of the SLA, it isn’t quite successful. That is, it suggests a more complex truth: that people sometimes play roles that do not fully describe them and in which they are not at home. A close look at the photo reveals that Patty Hearst, though she assumes the stance of a guerrilla, is anything but that. Her gaze is not directed violently at the viewer; instead, she looks to the side, transforming herself into the object of the gaze rather than being the gazer. This is in sharp contrast to Korda’s famous photo of Che Guevara, whose hat style Hearst has adopted. In his photo, Guevara faces the audience squarely and audaciously (â€Å"Che Guevara†). Hearst’s posture may be audacious, but the direction of her gaze reveals submission. Other details in the photo also suggest that she is less than at home in her role as aggressive warrior. Her gun, for example, is pointed to the side – just as is her gaze. She’s not threatening the viewer with the gun; she’s exposing herself to the viewer. Plus, though none of the SLA members are present in the photo with Hearst, the unmanned, projecting gun in the lower right corner of the photo draws the eye and reminds the viewer that just off stage lurks a threat. With her glance to the side, Hearst seems almost focused on this threat. Indeed, a quick look at her eyes reveals dark circles under them. Her mouth is pinched and drawn. These are indicators that she may be uncomfortable, even stressed in her new role. In fact, the photo, along with an audio communication from Hearst on which she called her father a â€Å"corporate liar† and explained that she was joining the SLA and taking a new name (â€Å"SLA: Tania†), caused her fiance and her parents to â€Å"[speculate] that Hearst had been brainwashed or coerced. † They did not believe that the Patty Hearst they were seeing and hearing was the â€Å"real† Patty Hearst (â€Å"SLA: Patty Hearst). And, indeed, Patty Hearst, granddaughter of newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst, seems to have changed over the course of her kidnapping. Compare, for example, two of her communiques with her parents. The first was received February 12, only 9 days after armed gunman kidnapped her from her fiance’s apartment on the night of February 4, 1974 (â€Å"Radically†). In this communique, she says: Mom, Dad, I’m OK. I’m with a combat unit that’s armed with automatic weapons. And these people aren’t just a bunch of nuts. They’ve been really honest with me but they’re perfectly willing to die for what they’re doing. And I want to get out of here but the only way I’m going to is if we do it their way. And I just hope that you’ll do what they say Dad and just do it quickly. And I mean I hope that this puts you a little bit at ease and that you know that I really, really am alright. I just hope I can get back to everybody really soon. (â€Å"The Patty Hearst Tapes†) Here Hearst focuses almost entirely on her own situation, telling her parents who has taken her and what her parents need to do to free her. She mentions that her captors are serious but says very little about their political agenda. She sounds, in fact, very much like one might expect a kidnapped, 19-year-old to sound. By day 59 of Hearst’s captivity, her communiques reveal that her focus has changed from herself to the SLA’s cause. Mom, Dad. Tell the poor and oppressed people of this nation what the corporate state is about to do. Warn Black and poor people that they are about to be murdered down to the last man, woman, and child. Tell the people that the energy crisis is nothing more than a means to get public approval for a massive program to build nuclear power plants all over the nation. The message goes on in this vein and culminates with the following: â€Å"I have chosen to stay and fight. I have been given the name Tania after a comrade who fought alongside Che in Bolivia. It is in the spirit of Tania that I say, ‘Patria o Muerte, Venceremos’† (â€Å"The Patty Hearst Tapes†). The Latin phrase means â€Å"Fatherland or death: We shall overcome† (Cox), and it suggests Hearst’s transformation from heiress to warrior. Clearly Hearst had changed, and after she was caught on video camera robbing a bank with the SLA only a few months after she’d been kidnapped (Ramsland), Americans caught up in the story were left to debate whether a person is always responsible for his or her own actions. In an article published in the National Review during Hearst’s 1976 trial, one commentator gave specific voice to the questions many people were asking themselves: When given the opportunity, why didn’t Hearst â€Å"reassert her own individuality and [try] to escape? And, even more succinctly, the commentator asks: â€Å"Is Hearst guilty? † (â€Å"What Is Guilt? † 258). Hearst was eventually sentenced to 7 years in prison for helping the SLA with their criminal activities (including bank robberies), but President Carter had her released after only 22 months (Chua-Eoan), and, in 2001, President Clinton pardoned her (â€Å"Radically†), wiping her record clean. President Clin ton’s pardon suggests that Hearst was not responsible for what she did. It suggests that under specific conditions, a person can behave in ways for which she must not be held responsible. In a nutshell, it suggests that those who have endured traumatic experiences (victims) are not necessarily accountable for what they do. And, indeed, by most accounts, Hearst’s experience was traumatic. During the first several weeks of her captivity (prior to her participation in the first of several bank robberies), she was (according to her own accounts) kept in a dark closet. She was â€Å"sexually assaulted† (â€Å"Truth† 201). She was told that her parents were â€Å"insects† and that she was a member of a class of people that was â€Å"sucking blood† from the commoners. When her father visited San Quentin (as part of a ransom demand made by the SLA), and he reported that the conditions of the prisoners there was fine, Hearst’s captors reportedly told her that her living conditions (in the cramped, dark closet) were similar to those of the San Quentin prisoners. The take home message for Hearst was that her â€Å"tiny cell, stale air, and gloomy walls were [considered by her father to be] an acceptable environment for his daughter. † Her captors led her to feel increasingly alienated from her old life and from her family (â€Å"Tania’s World†). Subject to severe trauma, a person may not behave rationally or in keeping with what might be expected. For example, in 2007, when police found and liberated Shawn Hornbeck, a boy who had been abducted 4 years earlier (when he was only 12), one of the questions that surfaced repeatedly was: why didn’t he run? During at least the last two or three of his years of captivity, his captor (Michael Devlin) allowed Shawn a tremendous amount of freedom. Shawn went to school, rode his bike, and had multiple opportunities to report his situation to authorities, but he didn’t (Tresniowski, Grout, and Finan). Shawn’s attorney speculates that an â€Å"invisible leash† kept Shawn from running (qtd. in Tresniowski, Grout, and Finan). And C. Robert Cloninger, a medical doctor at the Sanson Center for Well-Being in St. Louis, indicates that victims may â€Å"[bond] with their abductors† in order to â€Å"feel safe†: Once you’ve begun to identify with your captor, you don’t have to fear them anymore, because you’re in harmony with them†¦We see this in hostage situations, where the emotional brain short circuits the rational brain. (qtd. in Tresniowski, Grout, and Finan) It was this same â€Å"invisible leash† that made Hearst do the seemingly crazy things she did: rob banks, hide from the law, remain with the SLA. A close look at her history and a careful look at the now infamous SLA photo of Hearst reveal the truth: she may have pretended to be Tania, but that was a temporary role, assumed under extreme circumstances to protect herself. Her transformation from â€Å"an apolitical rich girl† to a â€Å"gun-toting radical† (â€Å"Radically†) tells us more about the events that she was caught up in than about who she was.

Abraham Lincoln Essay - 1617 Words

Abraham Lincoln Why I chose to research Abraham Lincoln’s life. Ever since I was a small boy in elementary school, and all throughout my grade school days, there were many great names that were spoken of and taught about. Names such as George Washington, (our first president) John Hancock, John Adams, and Mark Twain were among many others who contributed to the betterment of our great country, the United States of America. Yet there was one name that resounded in my classrooms, and in my ears. That name was Abraham Lincoln. As a child, I had heard of great things this man had done, and wonderful things he had said. Of the many great things said by Abraham Lincoln, I recall most vividly the Gettysburg address, given on November 19,†¦show more content†¦Abraham Lincoln was not unlike the typical young boy who liked to laugh and play with his friends. He attended school on Knob Creek in Kentucky, and it was once said by one of his classmates, Austin Gollaher, that he didn’t attend classes much, and that he didn’t even have a t extbook of his own. Gollaher also recalled Abraham Lincoln not having a hat. In those times, hats were hard to come by and if you had a wool hat, you were in style. (Pg. 79 vol. 1) I find this to be an interesting recollection due only to the fact that almost all of the most common pictures or paintings of Lincoln, show him in a top hat of some sort. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Prior to the Lincoln family leaving Kentucky, Abraham and his sister were sent to schools called A B C schools. (Pg. 86 vol. 1) These were also known as â€Å"blab-schools†. The â€Å"blab-schools† received their name from the method in which was used to teach the students. As proof that the students were actually studying, the students would be required to study out loud. (Pg. 86 vol.1) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Consider this brief testimony given by Abraham Lincoln: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"I had been fishing one day and caught a little fish which I was taking home. I met a soldier in the road, and having always been told at home that we must be good to soldiers, I gave him my fish!†(Pg. 87 in The Life of Abraham Lincoln, by William E. Barton)Show MoreRelatedWheres Abraham Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter?542 Words   |  2 Pagesnovels Pride and Prejudge and Zombies and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Grahame-Smith has collaborated on two film adaptations, Dark Shadows, and his own novel, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Seth Grahame-Smith and his wife, Erin, live in California with their two children Jacob and Joshua. Currently Grahame-Smith’s novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is being adapted for film, and Smith is said to be writing a sequel/ spin off of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, staring Henry Struges. 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